Juvenile deroceras reticulatum, with eggs of another gastropod, under a stone in a garden in weimar photo. Coloration varies within and between species but common patterns are pale cream, with or without darker flecks, a more uniform light gray or brown to blackbrown. The biology, behaviour and control of the field slug deroceras. Deroceras reticulatum infected with roundworm phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. Distribution deroceras reticulatum is a european native that has been introduced into north america. Antifeedant compounds from three species of apiaceae. Deroceras reticulatum, the most widely distributed species of pest mollusc in. The penis p in the species is broad with only a single, irregularly branched appendix. Grain crops in southern australia are subject to attack by countless pests, with greater than 40 invertebrate species threatening seedling establishment. The higher concn did not necessarily produce stronger effects at the ultrastructural level in the digestive system than the lower concn. Two species of the genus, deroceras laeve muller, 1774 and deroceras reticulatum muller, 1774, were accidentally introduced into south america. Biology and life cycle of the gray field slug college of. In the present study, the slug, deroceras reticulatum mollusca. A small to medium slug with uniformly oatmealcoloured body but with darker grooves on the back and often with dark spots, especially on the mantle.
Abstractfour species of slugs have been identified in the vicinity of magadan. Pulmonata, is one of the most common terrestrial molluscs. Deroceras reticulatum is a european native that has been introduced into north america. Arion circumscriptus, deroceras reticulatum, and d. Control tactics for crop establishment pests rely heavily on the application of pesticides, especially in canola, which is the most susceptible crop to invertebrate damage. The sole is white and normally produces clear mucus, however the sole will produce milky white mucus when the animal is disturbed. There is genuine interest in integrated pest management ipm among. Validation of hsp70 stress gene expression as a marker of.
Deroceras reticulatum is very variable in colour, creamy or light coffee cream, rarely blackish spotted slugs with spots may appear blackish. Weed and invertebrate community compositions in arable farmland. In virginia it is reported from scattered locations northampton county as well as counties to the north and west. Gastropoda was used as the first biomonitor of metals ag, as, ba, cd, co, cr, cu, mn, mo, n. Adult species were reared under laboratory conditions, and the survival, feeding activity, and weight change of slugs when feed on maize, peas, or wheat seeds were investigated. Control of the grey field slug deroceras reticulatum muller. Neuropeptides predicted from the transcriptome analysis of. Research for this slug has focused mainly on its ecology, biology, and management due to the severe damage it causes on a wide range of vegetables and field crops. The toxicity of 14 substances, including a number of pesticides, to the eggs of the pest slug deroceras reticulatum was determined in laboratory experiments. Application of molluscicidal nematodes to slug shelters. Carabidae on mollusca using a quantitative elisa volume 83 issue 4. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts.
This slug is found in most of southern canada and the northern united states natureserve, 20. Because it is effective in elucidating injury following lethal and sublethal intoxication, electron. The use of stock management has been shown to be an effective means of manipulating numbers of the grey field slug, deroceras reticulatum muller. As all other deroceras it has a short keel at the back of the body. The penis in the species is broad and markedly bilobed with 46 appendixes. Several slug species have been used successfully to rear p. Adw doesnt cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Deroceras invadens was listed as present in hungary in the guide book by kerney et al. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita was attracted more to dead than live hosts, and was equally attracted to infected and noninfected d.
The importance of temperature and moisture to the egglaying behaviour of a pest slug, deroceras reticulatum. Behind the mantle there is the dark spots form a reticulate pattern. Pale forms are indistinguishable from the much rarer deroceras agreste. There are several much smaller species of keel back slugs, such as the yellow slug or beer slug limacus flavus, whose name is due to the fact that this slug was often found in cool moist places such as beer cellars, where it is attracted by pools of spilled beer. Hence making statements about likely regulatory effects in a novel system, even. Microsatellites for the slugs deroceras reticulatum and. Control of the grey field slug deroceras reticulatum. Deroceras reticulatum wikipedia, a enciclopedia livre. This mucus is the contact material between molluscan herbivores and plants. Distribution of deroceras reticulatum muller, 1774. Females are characterised by a body length of 2079 17772222. The gray garden slug, deroceras reticulatum gastropoda. Impact of the field slug deroceras reticulatum on establishment of ryegrass and white clover in mixed swards.
A small to mediumsized buff or oatmealcoloured slug usually with darker spots, especially on the mantle. Make slug sandwich by placing individual slugs between two pads of absorbent cotton wool. The importance of temperature and moisture to the egg. We have recently shown that the locomotion mucus of the slug deroceras reticulatum contains salicylic acid sa. Pdf susceptibility of the eggs of the field slug deroceras. Grey field slugs can be 40mm if out stretched and they are often larger than other slug types.
Several species in this genus are recognised as pests of agriculture and horticulture, including deroceras reticulatum, deroceras invadens, deroceras agreste, and deroceras laeve. Most of the early works which included slugs were essentially taxonomic but the book bytaylor 19021907 contained a great deal of biological. It is pale brown to tan in color and does not have any conspicuous body markings. This slug prefers modified habitats, such as garden, greenhouses, roadsides and fields. The detection of predation by abax parallelepipedus and pterostichus madidus coleoptera. Moreover, the dominant species, deroceras reticulatum, does not follow a regular annual life cycle, as do the. Gastropoda are considered as important pests of many agricultural and horticultural crops throughout the world.
Delay dynamics of the slug deroceras reticulatum, an agricultural pest. Biological control of slugs and snails with parasitic nematode, phasmarhabditis hermaprodita slugs mollusca. Assessing metal contamination from construction and. Deroceras reticulatum muller, 1774, grey field slug. Mar 27, 2009 the use of stock management has been shown to be an effective means of manipulating numbers of the grey field slug, deroceras reticulatum muller. The experiment started with reproductive adults of each specie that produced eggs for biological study. This page was last edited on 17 october 2019, at 12.
Antifeedant compounds from three species of apiaceae active against the field slug, deroceras reticulatum muller. For the purpose of the experiment, slugs deroceras reticulatum were. Ultrastructural changes in the digestive system of deroceras. At stocking rates of 1500 sheep daysha or more, slug control in excess of 90% can be achieved with the flexibility of employing various combinations of stock numbers and length of grazing period. Deroceras reticulatum muller is the most destructive slug pest of arable crops in. It can cause enormous damage, but the knowledge about its feeding biology is limited. No tillage increased population density of deroceras reticulatum and d. The detection of predation by abax parallelepipedus and. The animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. Biology, production and formulation of slugparasitic nematodes. Salicylic aciddependent gene expression is activated by. Morphological and molecular data showed that the new isolate is close to other species of phasmarhabditis, particularly p. The garden slug is a relatively small 2530 mm long, toughskinned species, with a rounded tail. Pulmonata while this crop system decrease erosion risks.
Ultrastructural changes in the digestive system of. Deroceras reticulatum, common names the grey field slug and grey garden slug, is a. Damage to oilseed rape seedlings by the field slug deroceras reticulatum in relation to glucosinolate concentration. Text is available under the creative commons attributionsharealike license. The journal of parasitology publishes on basic or applied aspects of general, veterinary, or medical parasitology, and epidemiology. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Loxdale 1990, hardcover at the best online prices at ebay. Deroceras reticulatum an overview sciencedirect topics.
The biology, behaviour and control of the field slug deroceras reticulatum muller. Several species in this genus are recognised as pests of agriculture and horticulture, including deroceras reticulatum, deroceras invadens, deroceras agreste. This slug attains a maximum length of 50 mm when fully extended. With an estimated 35,000 species, terrestrial molluscs are one of the most successful and diverse animal groups in landbased ecosystems.
This book is aimed particularly at students and professionals concerned with. Specimens of the garden slug deroceras reticulatum were fed lethal 0. The genus deroceras rafinesque, 1820 agriolimacidae has been recorded in every continent except antarctica robinson, 1999. Deroceras reticulatum, common names the grey field slug and grey garden slug, is a species of small airbreathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family agriolimacidae. However, little is known about neuropeptides and hormonal signalings. The numbers of eggs laid by deroceras reticulatum and their viability were measured across a range of 16 temperature 4, 10, 15 and 23c by moisture 33%, 42%, 53% and 58% by dry soil weight experimental combinations. The chemotactic response of phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. This species is especially destructive to seedlings and succulent plants.
In ireland, the grey field slug deroceras reticulatum is the predominant slug pest species in arable crops. They breed all year round when conditions are favourable, laying up to 700 eggs a year in clutches of up to 75. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita caused significant mortality of the two native species, deroceras laeve and leidyula floridana, and of one introduced species d. A very similar species is the irish yellow slug limacus maculatus, which in britain is often found in the same habitats, but. Like all slugs, the grey field slug is a hermaphrodite but it does reproduce sexually. Jan 27, 2009 phasmarhabditis hermaprodita as been found to be associated with several different bacteria rather than one particular species but the association with a bacterium, moraxella oslensis proved to be highly pathogenic to gray garden slug deroceras reticulatum and preferred bacterium for mass production of this nematode in monoxenic culture. Pdf biology, production and formulation of slugparasitic nematodes. When threatened, they can selfamputate automatise the tip of their tail, leaving it behind while they escape and hide. They exemplify three different life cycle schemes, with d.
The aims of this work were determine the biological parameters and growth of both species at 12 and 20c. Correlation with demographic parameters, author koehler, h. They live on the soil surface or in the top 23 cm of the soil. Several species are responsible for damaging ornamentals. Antifeedant compounds from three species of apiaceae active. The grey field slug is considered the most significant species of slug in terms of damage in pastoral situations. Dec 06, 2012 although relatively little is known about the biology and ecology of tropical slugs and most information is taken from work on european slugs, the european pest species have become widely distributed throughout temperate regions and this book should be of interest world wide. Grey field slug deroceras reticulatum information sheet identification.
Microsatellites for the slugs deroceras reticulatum and arion. Survival and food choice of the grey field slug deroceras. Antifeedant compounds from three species of apiaceae active against the field slug, deroceras reticulatum muller a papers appearing in refereed journals. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. These animals have long been of importance to human societies as food, medicine, crop pests, vectors of parasites, and as tools, personal ornamentation and currency in trade.
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